1. Прошедшее время группы Simple (Past Simple).

1.1. Общая характеристика. 

1. Прошедшее время группы Simple употребляется для того, чтобы рассказать о действиях, событиях или состояниях, имевших место в прошлом:

Он подошел к телефону и набрал номер.
Они долго жили во Франции.
Когда я был ребенком, мы каждый год ездили на юг.
В молодости он был спортсменом.

В силу своего значения Past Simple часто употребляется с такими обстоятельствами времени, как вчера, в прошлый раз, ... тому назад и т.п., а также с временным придаточным предложением (... когда я там был), или даже косвенным указанием на то, что действие произошло в прошлом: Я купил эту книгу на выставке (т. е. когда был на выставке). Эта временная форма характерна для повествования, когда события излагаются последовательно.

Запомните обстоятельства времени, часто употребляющиеся с Past Simple.

yesterday ['] вчера
yesterday morning (afternoon, evening) вчера утром
(днем, вечером)
the day before yesterday позавчера
last night [ '] вчера вечером, этой (прошлой) ночью
last week на прошлой неделе
last month  в прошлом месяце
last year в прошлом году
last Thursday в прошлый четверг
last February в феврале прошлого года (в феврале этого года, если разговор происходит после февраля)
last time в прошлый раз
the other day на днях (о прошлом)
in 1993 в 1993 году  
ago [']
five minutes ago
a week ago
a month ago
a year ago 		(тому) назад
пять минут назад неделю (месяц, год) назад
long ago
(a long time ago) 		давно
not long ago недавно

1.2. По способу образования прошедшего времени группы Simple (второй формы глагола) и причастия II (третьей формы глагола) все английские глаголы делятся на две большие группы: стандартные глаголы, образующие эти формы по определенным правилам, и нестандартные, образующие эти формы различными способами (Первой формой глагола является инфинитив).

1.3. Past Simple глагола be.

Глагол be образует свои формы в прошедшем времени группы Simple наиболее нестандартным образом, В отличие от всех прочих глаголов, он имеет в Past Simple две формы: was [, ]   для единственного числа и were [:, ] для множественного:

а) Утвердительная форма (was/were безударны)

I - was
he -
she -
it -

 

we -

were
you -
they -

 

1. I was at home yesterday evening.
2. Ben was here five minutes ago.
3. She was away on holiday last month.
4. The decision was very important.
5. There was a nice programme last night.
6. We were wrong, I'm afraid.
7. You were right, I think.
8. They were all tired.
9. There were a lot of people at the exhibition last Saturday.

б) Отрицательная форма (wasn't/weren't имеют ударение)

I - wasn't
(was 'not)
he -
she -
it -

 

we -

weren't
(were 'not)
you -
they -

 

1. I wasn't at work last Monday.
2. Mr Davies wasn't in this morning.
3. They weren't in town last weekend.
4. There wasn't any interesting news in yesterday's papers.

в) Общий вопрос (was/were имеют ударение)

1. "Was It interesting?" "Oh yes, it was."
2. "were you in town last week?" "No, I wasn't."
3. "Were there any faxes from London yesterday?"     "Yes, there were some.

г) Специальный вопрос

1. Why was she late?
2. Where were you yesterday evening?
3. How many people were there at the party?
4. Why wasn't he in time?
5. Why weren't they pleased?

д) Общий вопрос со сказуемым в отрицательной форме

1. Wasn't it correct? Разве это было неправильно?
2. Weren't there any questions?  Неужели не было никаких вопросов?

Прочитайте рассказ вслух, предварительно выучив новые слова. Обратите особое внимание на формы глагола be.

LONG, LONG AGO...
(Some Photos from the Family Album)

uk08_15.jpg

uk08_16.jpg

 It was a long time ago. Tim was young and handsome then, and his wife Betty was beautiful, though she wasn't very slim. It was summer, and the weather was so lovely! They were on holiday in Spain. It was such a nice time! It wasn't very hot, but the water In the sea was warm enough to swim. Their little seaside hotel was quite pleasant, and it wasn't very expensive. There was a good restaurant there, and the meals were cheap. Tim and Betty were happy, because they were In love with each other.
Tim: Where were we in that picture, dear? Was it our holiday in Spain?
Betty. Yes, it was. And wasn't it a lovely time! Do you remember?
T. I was twenty-seven then, wasn't I?
B. Yes, you were. And I was eighteen.
T. Mmm... You're wrong, dear, I'm afraid. You were twenty-one already.
B. What!? Twenty-one? I was just eighteen, I say!
T. Yes, yes, dear, I'm sorry, of course you were eighteen. You simply weren't slim enough for a girl of eighteen, were you?
B. What!? I wasn't slim enough? I was!
I was beautiful and slim!
T. Yes, dearl Of couree you were. This is just a very old photo. And we were so young and happy, weren't we?
B. Oh, yes, we were. And weren't we lucky to marry each other?
T. Of course, dear! You're the best wife in the world! And you're always right. Lefs go and have lunch.
Women are always right, aren't they?

 

though [] хотя
weather ['()] погода
water [':()]
hot water, cold water 		вода
seaside взморье
at the seaside (= by the sea)
to the seaside (= to the sea)		 на море (где?)
на море (куда?) 		 
We often go to the seaside for our holidays.
We like to spend our holidays at the seaside. 		 
to be in love (with) быть влюбленным (в)
world мир (т.е. каша планета)
world economy
['] 		мировая экономика
in the world
on the world market 		в мире
на мировом рынке 		 

Измените высказывания, как показано в образце.

Дано: I'm at home now. (two hours ago).
Требуется: Twas at home two hours ago.

1. There's a very nice show on the telly this evening, (last night)
2. We're all very busy today, (the day before yesterday)
3. The traffic is very heavy in the afternoon, (yesterday afternoon)
4. They're away on holiday till next month, (last month)
5. The weather's fine today, (last week)
6. There are a lot of people in the museum today, (last Sunday)

Сделайте высказывания отрицательными.

1. They were in time, as usual.
2. The answer was correct.
3. There were a lot of people in the hotel lobby.
4. I was hungry before the lunch break.
5. Their Russian translation was very good.
6. The discussion was very long.
7. His questions were very simple.
8. The station was a long way from our house.

Выберите правильную форму.

WAS или WERE?

A. Where ______ you yesterday evening? You ______ (not) at home, ______ you?
B. I __ at the cinema.
A. Oh, ______ you? What ______ on?
B. "A Lucky Husband".
A. ______ it interesting?
B. Oh, no! It _______ (not) interesting at all. It ______ very boring!

Переведите на английский язык.

1. — Ты был в отъезде (away) на прошлой неделе? — Нет, я был болен. — Да? А как ты сейчас? — Спасибо, хорошо.
2. — Фильм был интересный? — Нет, он был слишком длинный и скучный.
3. — Он был не совсем прав. — Да нет же, он был совершенно прав. — Ты уверен? — Да, я вполне уверен.

1.4. Past Simple стандартных глаголов.

Стандартные глаголы на письме образуют форму Past Simple (вторую форму глагола) прибавлением к основе окончания -ed (или -d, если основа оканчивается на букву е), которое произносится [] после звонких звуков, [] после глухих и [] после звуков [] и [].

[] []
play — played [] help — helped []
live — lived [] ask — asked [:]
open — opened ['] cross — crossed []
fill — filled [] work — worked [:]
remember — remembered ['] watch — watched []

 

[]
test — tested [']
mend — mended [']
wait — waited [']
rent — rented [']
correct — corrected [']
want — wanted [']

Запомните следующие правила орфографии:

1. Односложные глаголы с кратким гласным звуком, который передается на письме одной буквой, в форме Past Simple удваивают конечную согласную букву:

stop — stopped []. Глагол travel также удваивает конечную согласную: travelled [']. Если краткий гласный звук передается двумя буквами, конечная согласная буква не удваивается: look — looked [].

2. Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на букву -у с предшествующей согласной буквой, меняют -у на -i: study — studied ['], try — tried [].

3. Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на букву -у с предшествующей гласной буквой, образуют форму Past Simple по общему правилу: play — played [], stay — stayed []. Исключение: pay — paid [].

Прочитайте вслух, подражая образцу, и переведите.

[d]

1. I lived in a small town fifteen years ago.
2. Mr Brown phoned you ten minutes ago.
3. They showed us a lot of interesting things at the exhibition.
4. Miss Flynn prepared all the documents carefully and filed them last Friday.
5. I listened to the radio till about half past three yesterday.
6. The doctor examined him veiy carefully last time.
 

[]

 
1. She typed some letters and helped a colleague with a difficult translation.
2. I stopped work at four yesterday, and fetched my daughter home from school.
3. My sister worked hard at her English when she was at college.
4. I watched television till twelve the day before yesterday.
5. We liked all the singers.
6. They asked me a lot of questions.
 

[]

  
1. I repeated my questions several times.
2. We translated the text into English at the last lesson.
3. They visited several factories in Moscow last month.
4. We tested the machine and repeated the test several times.
5. John wanted to talk to you about it.
6. We were all very tired, and decided to take a break.

Произнесите форму Past Simple следующих стандартных глаголов.

1. type, help. finish, tape, smoke, fetch, look, park, cook, ask, discuss, talk, wash, watch, walk, cross, work, like, thank, miss, dance
2. file, listen, open, close, phone, settle, explain, use, fill, film, prepare, show, remember, answer, love, ski (ski'd), try, play, study, copy, turn, call, settle, excuse, earn, solve, live
3. mend, test, visit, repeat, translate, skate, wait, want, post, dictate, start, decide, correct

Напишите следующие стандартные глаголы в форме Past Simple и прочитайте их вслух.

1. stay, play, study, copy, try, marry
2. stop, lag, drop, sip, clap, travel

Измените высказывания, как показано в образце.

Дано: Не works at a technical college, (five years ago)
Требуется: Не worked at a technical college five years ago.

1. We test the new machines at the factory, (last week)
2. He finishes work very late. (the day before yesterday)
3. She listens to her teacher carefully. (at yesterday's lesson)
4. I answer a lot of letters. (on Monday)
5. He walks to the office. (yesterday morning)
6. We discuss a lot of problems. (last week)
7. They want to go to the theatre. (last Saturday)

Переведите на английский язык.

1. — Я хотел задать вам несколько вопросов вчера, но вас не было на месте. — Очень жаль. Мне тоже хотелось с вами поговорить.
2. Вчера была хорошая погода. Утром мы два часа (for two hours) катались на лыжах, а днем мы все играли в хоккей.
3. Мы очень внимательно изучили все эти документы на прошлой неделе. Потом мы ответили на письмо г-на Смита и постарались объяснить ему наши новые идеи. Мы также ответили на все вопросы о его следующем визите в Москву в ноябре.
4. Мы обсудили все эти вопросы в прошлый раз.
5. Мне очень понравилось вчерашнее шоу.
6. Они давно решили все свои проблемы.

1.5. Past Simple нестандартных глаголов.

Нестандартные глаголы образуют форму Past Simple (вторую форму) и Participle II (третью форму) различными способами, которые видны из следующего списка:

Основные формы нестандартных глаголов

Infinitive Past Simple Participle II
be was

were
been
see saw [:] seen
come came come []
do did done []
go went gone
bring brought [:] brought
buy bought [:] bought
think thought [:] thought
catch caught [:] caught
teach taught [:] taught
begin began
[']		 begun
[']
sing sang sung []
swim swam [] swum []
run ran run
drive drove [] driven
[']
eat ate [, ] eaten [':]
fall fell fallen
forget forgot forgotten
[']
give gave given [']
know knew known []
speak spoke spoken
take took taken
write wrote written [']
find found found
get got got
have had had
hear heard [:] heard
hold held held
learn learnt [:] learnt
make made made
mean ment [] meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
read read [] read []
say said [] said
sit sat sat
sell sold [] sold
tell told [] told
feel felt felt
keep kept kept
sleep slept slept
leave left left
lend lent lent
send sent sent
spend spent spent
spell spelt spelt
stand stood [] stood 
understand understood
[,']		 understood
let let let
put put put

Послушайте и посмотрите:

1. Last year we went to Italy for our holiday.
2. We met at exactly ten and began the discussion at once.
3. Mrs Flynn sent them a fax the day before yesterday.

1.6. В утвердительном предложении в Past Simple глагол have имеет во всех своих значениях одну форму — had для всех лиц.

1. I had a lot of friends at college.
2. John had a busy day yesterday.
3. They had a holiday last month.
4. We had very good seats at the theatre.

1.7. Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения в Past Simple как со стандартными, так и с нестандартными глаголами образуются при помощи вспомогательно го глагола do в прошедшем времени — did для всех лиц. Основной глагол стоит в форме инфинитива.

1. "Did you go to the exhibition last Saturday?"
    "No, I didn't. I went to see a friend." ,
2. "Did he see you about it yesterday?"
    "Yes, he did."
3. "Why didn't you come to the country with us?"
    "I didn't feel well."
4. "When did she call?"
     "An hour ago."
5. "You didn't talk to Mr Brown this morning, did you?"
    "Yes, I did."

1.8. Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения с гла голом have в Past Simple образуются по тому же принципу:

1. "Did you have a car at that time?" "No, I didn't."
2. "Did they have an exam last Friday?" "Yes, they did."
3. When did you have your holiday last year?
4. We didn't have enough time to prepare all the documents.
5. You had a lot of work to do last week, didn't you?

1.9. В прошедшем времени группы Simple часто употребляется наречие last — последний раз (антоним — first — впервые, в первый раз), который обычно стоит в предложении перед основным глаголом. В специальных вопросах last может стоять и в конце предложения:

1. I last went to the theatre two weeks ago. Последний раз я был в театре (ходил в театр) две недели тому назад.
2. I first went to the theatre when I was five years old. Я первый раз пошел в театр, когда мне было пять лет.
3. I last had a letter from him a week ago. Последний раз я получил от него письмо неделю тому назад.
4. When did you last go on holiday? (= When did you go on holiday last?) Когда вы последний раз были в отпуске?

 

Прочитайте текст вслух, обращая внимание на глаголы и Past Simple. Задайте друг другу вопросы по тексту.


A Leap-Year Birthday Party

   My friend was born on the 29th of February. So he has a birthday every leap year, that is, every four years. It was the 29th of February last week, and he gave a big party. A lot of people came to wish him many happy returns of the day.
   The party began early. The guests sat down at the table at exactly six, and as we drank his health we sang "Happy birthday to you!"
   It was a very nice party. We had a lot of delicious food and wine, and we danced and sang, and even played games. I didn't stay late. I left the place at eleven, got home at twelve, and went to bed at once.
   I slept very well. The next morning I rang him up and said: "I had such a lovely time at your place last night. Thank you ever so much! What a pity you can't have a birthday party every year!" "I don't want to get old so quickly!" he answered.

 

'leap year високосный год
was born родился
that is то есть
wish желать, пожелать
as зд. в то время как ...
drink
(drank, drunk) 		пить
drink a person's health пить за здоровье кого-л.  
delicious ['] очень вкусный
ring (rang, rung) 
Syn. phone,call 		1. звонить
2. звонить по телефону

Прочитайте рассказ, обращая особое внимание на формы глаголов в Past Simple, затем расскажите о каком-либо неудачном дне в вашей жизни.

A Bad Day

    I woke up very late yesterday. I only got up at a quarter to eight, and I didn't have enough time to do my morning exercises or take a shower. I washed my hands and face and dressed quickly. I had a light meal and gave my son some money for his school lunch. "Can I have some money for an ice-cream, too, Daddy?" he asked. "Don't ask silly questions!" I said angrily. "Why did I say that?" I thought at once. As I drove to the office, I went through a red light, and a policeman stopped me and fined me. I was five minutes late for work and met my boss at the door. He saw me, but didn't talk to me. I didn't have much work to do, but I felt very tired in the afternoon. When I got home, I spoke angrily to my wife and son. I had supper, watched a football match on the telly and went to bed.

 

wake up (woke, woken) просыпаться; будить
exercise
['] 		упражнение
morning exercises утренняя зарядка
shower ['()] душ
take/have a shower принять душ  
dress (глаг.)
Syn. get dressed 		одеваться
angry  сердитый
be angry (with)
Why are you angry with me? 		сердиться, рассердиться на кого-л.  
angrily сердито
go through a red light проехать на красный свет
fine (глаг.) штрафовать
supper ужин

Измените высказывание, как показано в образце.

Дано: It takes me about an hour to get to college, (yesterday)
Требуется: It took me about an hour to get to college yesterday.

1. I go to woik on the ten bus. (yesterday morning)
2. We send them our catalogues by airmail, (two days ago)
3. We often see each other in the lab. (last month)
4. It takes me twenty minutes to do my morning exercises. (yesterday)
5. I hear the news on the radio, (this morning)
6. He feels bad, I'm afraid, (last week)
7. I wake up very eariy. (yesterday)
8. We've got a lot of work. (last month)
9. What time do you have lunch? (yesterday)
10. She's got a very old typewriter, (last year)
11. We haven't got enough time to discuss all the problems, (last time)

Прочитайте рассказ, перепишите его в прошедшем времени, опустив слова, которые не подходит по смыслу, и перескажите его.

A Weekday

I usually wake up at seven and always get up at once. I begin my day with my morning exercises. It takes me half an hour to do them. Then I take a shower and shave, dress and do my hair. After that I have breakfast. Then I take my dog out for a short time. I leave the house at nine o'clock and walk to the underground station. It takes me twenty minutes to get to the office by underground. Work begins at half past nine. I look through the morning mail and answer the letters and faxes. Then I discuss various problems with my colleagues.

Our lunch break's at one, and we all go to the canteen. I have a light lunch, so it doesn't take long, and I usually have enough time to have a smoke and talk to my friends before work begins again. A lot of people ring me in the afternoon, and my secretary often asks me to answer the calls. That keeps me busy till half past four, when I have a tea break. After that I usually hold a short meeting with my colleagues, and we discuss our plans for the next day. I finish work at six, and sometimes a friend drives me to the park, where we have a game of tennis. I'm quite good at tennis, so I teach him to play. We go home together because we live near each other. That is my usual weekday.

shave бриться
do my hair причесываться
before (союз) прежде чем; перед тем, как
various
[']		 различный, разнообразный (может быть только определением)
I've got various notes and telephone numbers in this notebook.  
Syn. different
['] 		1. разный, различный
Those are two different problems. Это две разные проблемы.  
at different times в разное время  
in different places в разных местах  
That's a different question.
Sne's quite a different person now. 		2. иной, другой, отличающийся  

 

Внимание: предлог!

Their plan's different from yours. Их план отличается от вашего.

 

meeting [':] собрание, совещание
hold a meeting проводить совещание, собрание

Сделайте высказывания отрицательными.

1. We understood the film.
2. They wrote an answer at once.
3. We spoke about these problems at the meeting.
4. I slept very well last night.
5. You told us about the meeting yesterday afternoon.
6. It took me a long time to get there.
7. They lived a long way from here.
8. She had a lot of work to do the day before yesterday.
9. I had an exam last week.
10. We always had discussions after the lectures.
11. Jack had some problems with his car.

Образуйте присоединенные вопросы на основании следующих утверждений.

1. He spoke about it last time,... ?
2. They wrote to you last week,... ?
3. He didn't go through a red light,... ?
4. You had a good holiday at the seaside,... ?
5. They had a good time at the party,... ?
6. We had a talk about it last week,... ?
7. They didn't have many questions to ask you, ...?

Какие вопросы нужно было задать, чтобы получить эти ответы?

a. 1. Yes, I forgot to call them yesterday.
2. No, we didn't miss the ten o'clock train.
3. Yes, they bought various catalogues.
4. No, I didn't have a car five years ago.
5. Yes, I had a lot of friends at school.
6. Yes, he had a lot of work to do last week.
b. 1. He last went to London in February.
2. The students understood the English film very well.
3. It took them three days to finish the job.
4. I stayed in the Centre Hotel when I was in London.
5. She saw me about it last Wednesday.
6. We lived in Canada ten years ago.
7. It took me an hour and a half to get there.
8. They began the discussion at exactly ten.
9. I bought this book in the bookshop in Green Street.
10. We last had a meeting a week ago.

Ответьте на вопросы о себе. Расскажите друг о друге на основании полученных ответов.

a. 1. When were you born? Where were you born?
2. Where did you live when you were a child?
3. Where do you live now?
b. 1. When did you go to school?
2. Did you like it at school?
3. Did you have many friends there?
4. When did you leave school?
5. How old were you when you left school?
c. 1. When did you go to college?
2. What college was it?
3. When did you go to work?
4. What's your job now? Are you happy with it?
d. 1. Did you go out last weekend, or did you stay at home?
2. What did you do?
3. What time did you go to bed?
e. 1. When did you last go to the theatre?
2. What did you see?
3. How did you like it?
4. Did you have good seats?
f. 1. When did you last have a holiday?
2. Where did you go?
3. Did you have a good holiday?
4. What did you do during your holiday?
5. How did you like your holiday?

 

during
['] 		во время, е течение (предлог времени) (в ответ на вопрос «когда?»)
read a lot of books during the holidays (= in the holidays).

Переведите на английский язык.

1. — Когда вы обычно уходите в отпуск? — Я всегда отдыхаю летом, потому что я преподаватель. Преподаватели всегда уходят в отпуск летом.
2. —Когда вы отдыхали в прошлом году? — В январе. — Что вы делали во время отпуска? — Я ходил на лыжах и катался на коньках. Вечером я иногда ходил в кино, а иногда смотрел телевизор.
3. — У вас есть машина? — Да, у меня хорошая машина. Я ею очень доволен. — Когда вы ее купили? — Два года тому назад. — А как вы ездили на работу, когда у вас не было машины? Вы ведь живете за городом, не правда ли? — Я ездил поездом и на метро. У меня уходило на это очень много времени.
4. — Где вы живете? — В центре города. — Это далеко отсюда? — Нет, это совсем близко. Я хожу в институт пешком в любую (in any) погоду, но вчера я поехал домой на автобусе, потому что у меня было мало времени.
5. В прошлое воскресенье Была хорошая погода. Я встал в семь часов, сделал зарядку, позавтракал и пошел погулять. Когда я пришел домой, было два часа. Обед был на столе. Мы с женой пообедали и посмотрели телевизор. Передача (программа) была очень интересной. Нам она очень понравилась. Вечером мы пошли в кино и посмотрели новый фильм. Мы легли спать в одиннадцать часов.
6. Когда вы обычно приходите домой? Когда вы пришли домой вчера?
7. Что вы обычно делаете по вечерам? Что вы делали вчера вечером?
8. Какие передачи вы обычно смотрите по телевизору? Какую передачу вы смотрели позавчера?
9. Как часто вы ходите в театр? Когда вы последний раз были в театре?
10. Когда вы последний раз были в кино?